Re: Mohican Villages

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Posted by Theresa on September 08, 2001 at 07:38:08:

In Reply to: Mohican Villages posted by Rich on September 08, 2001 at 05:58:04:

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Whoa! What a history lesson so early on a Saturday morning. Very interesting and thanks Gayle and Rich for posting it. I will someday have to go back and do a reread of it. I am not at all personally familiar with any of these locations. Maybe someday we will find a way to get to that part of the country. Thanks again. Oh! Loved the photo! This time of year always brings interest in our American Indians to me. I guess it goes back to grammar school when we studied the Indians and Pilgrims and Thanksgiving. I love autumn and I guess that's part of the reason why.

Theresa
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: This article was passed along by She Who Tracks La Longue Carabine (aka: Gayle) the other day. Perusing it brought back many memories, as the place names - or many of them, anyway - were neighboring towns & rivers for us for quite some time. The first village mentioned, that of Schaghticoke - if we're speaking of the same place - did, in fact, exist. Today, near the confluence of the Ten Mile & Housatonic Rivers, is a Reservation ... the remnants of that village! That is a part of the story of our "From the Mohicans' Land to Mohicanland" essay ... Anyway, this may be of some interest to some of you. It may not have formatted all that well in the copying process. Sorry 'bout that! Thank you, Gayle!

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: Villages:

: The number of large, small and fortified villages that the Muhheakunnuk occupied around 1600 may have been as high as 40, perhaps the majority of them were more like hamlets rather than villages. Swanton and Hodge speak of a village in Dutchess County under the name of Schaghticoke (Scaticook), but because no other mention or description exists about this village, I have excluded it from the list below. Swanton talks about Nepaug village by Nepaug R. close to New Hartford in Litchfield County in Connecticut as one of the Mohican villages (1985:41) but other sources do not mention this village. Scholars do not agree on whether the village of Pomperaug belonged to the Mohicans or the Potatucks-Paugussets but I believe it must have belonged to the Potatuck-Paugussets. Swanton (1985:41) and Hodge (1910:788) talk about Winooskeek as a Mohican village, but in fact it was inhabited by refugee Indians from New England that previously had lived for a short while at Schaghticoke (Upper Castle), with other refugees from New England. The Mohicans winter villages between 1650 till 1750 were in the Green Mts. in Vermont close to where now are the Pownal, Arlington and Manchester townships. In the longhouses lived about 30 kin-related people, but in the wigwams lived nuclear families of about 6 persons. Ampamit -1678-1730-1742 Located on the southwestern corner of Moesimus Island opposite Beeren Island. (Dunn 1994). Caniskek ? -1662- In 1662 there is a mention of a settlement west of Coxsackie on the west bank of Hudson R.. (Dunn 1994). Copake -1687 Located at Roeliff Jansen Kill, probably at a lake by the same name further in the valley, in Colombia County. (Brasser 1974). Dickop -1630- Located in present-day Defreestville in Rensselaer County. (Dunn 1994). Freehold -1743-1777- Located close to present Freehold town at Catskill Cr. in Greene County. The residents were probably a mixed group of Mohicans from the Catskill area and Espachomy-Munsees (Esopus-Munsees). (Brasser 1974, Dunn 1994). Half Moon-1677-1724- Located where present Half Moon town is in Saratanda County. Could be a later location of Monemius. Around 1690 the residents were refugees from New England. In 1698 the majority of the residents moved to Winooskeek village at Lake Champlain and also to Schaghticoke. Between the years -1703 to 1724- the residents were from Schaghticoke (perhaps refugees from Upper Castle, insertion by Baldur). Most of the residents were refugees from outside Mohican country. Around 1720 the residents moved to Oquaga. (Brasser 1974). Hoosac Said to be located 25 English miles northeast of Albany at Hoosic R.. Later Sokoki refugees moved there as well as other refugees from the broken nations of New England. (Sultzman 1996). Kackoau -1660-1680 Located between the present town of Cohoes and the city of Albany in Albany County. Could be a later location of Panhoosic (Unuwat's Castle). Other names: Cohoes. (Brasser 1974). Katsban - 17th century- Located a short distance north of Saugerties Cr. in Greene County. (Ruttenber 1872). Kaunaumeek -1737-1744 Located close to the present-day town of New Lebanon by Kinderhook Cr. in Colombia County, 29 km. northwest of Housatonic River. In 1744 it's residents moved to Stockbridge in Massachusetts. (Brasser 1974). Kinderhook -1687-1691- Located where present day town of Kinderhook now stands in Colombia County. (Brasser 1974). Kiskatom - 17th century- Located where present Kiskatom is, close to Palenville, at Kaaterskill Creek in Greene County. (Dunn 1994). Koxhachingh -1609-1701 Located on the north bank of Catskill Creek opposite the estuary of Kaaterskill Creek in Greene County. Perhaps the chief village in Catskill Valley. Mohicans from the east bank of Hudson R., below Schodack, moved there in 1660. The residents could have moved to Freehold around 1710.Other names: Catskill. (Brasser 1974). Machacknotas -1663-1656- Located at the northern tip of Schodack Landing near Muitzeskill in Rensselaer County. (Dunn 1994). Menanoke (I) -1689-1739- Located south of Coyemans on Barren Island in Hudson R., in Albany County. The residents coming from Schodack. Around 1740 the residents moved to Indian Fields. (Brasser 1974). Menanoke (II) -1750-1860- Located south of Coyemans at present Indian Fields at Hannacroix Cr., in Albany County. the residents were from old Menanoke. Around 1790 there is a possibility that part of the residents joined the group that lived at Cattaraugus Creek and New Stockbridge in New York. Around 1850 part of the residents moved to Stockbridge in Wisconsin. Other names: Indian Fields. (Brasser 1974). Monemin (I) -1627-1632- Located on Peebles Island at the estuary of Hudson R. and Mohawk R.. The residents later moved to Half Moon but it is more likely that most of them moved to Monemin (II). Other names: Monnemin's Castlem, Monemius. (Brasser 1974). Monemin (II) -1651- Located in the North Greenbush area in Rensselaer County. The residents were probably from Monemin (I). (Dunn 1994). Nestagione 1703-1720- Located where present Niskayuna is in Schenectady County. The residents came from P'ska'tikook. Around 1722 the residents moved to Oquaga. Other names: Conestagione. (Brasser 1974). Ontikehomawck -1682 Located in Nassau township in Rensselaer County. The residents probably had some connections to Schodack. (Brasser 1974). Paanpaack - in the 17th century - Located where present Troy city is in Rensselaer County. (Dunn 1994). Panhoosic -1614-1623- Located opposite Fort Nassau on Castle Island, on the east coast of Hudson R. in Rensselaer County. Other names: Unuwat´s Castle. (Brasser 1974). -1625-1626- Located opposite Fort Orange (Albany) in Rensselaer County. -1623-51? Located at the estuary of Poesten Kill and Hudson R., on the northern bank of Poesten Kill, in present Troy in Rensselaer County. ca. 1650 the residents may have moved to Kackoau (Cohoes) village Papsickene -1632- Located opposite Papscanee Island in Rensselaer County. (Dunn 1994). Passapenock -1687-1690 Located on Beeren Island, on the west bank opposite Coyemans town in Albany County. In 1690 the residents moved to Catskill Valley (Dunn 1994). Other names: Nabdskook. Pompetowwuthut Muhheacanneuw pre 1600? According to old legends this may have been the original capital village of the Mohicans. Located on the left bank of Hudson River where the city of Albany now stands. Probably on the spot or close to where Fort Orange was first erected. Better known is Schodack and later on Stockbridge. (Dunn 1994). Potic West of Athens in Greene County. The name means "the land around the fall". Refugee Pennacooks settled there for a short while around 1676. (Hodge 1907). Potkoke -1687- Located where present Claverack town is in Hudson township, Colombia County. Dunn (1994) mentions remains of old Indian gravesites in this area, that implies there was a village close by. P´ska'tikook 1628-1754 Located on the east bank of Hudson R. close to the estuary with Hoosac R. in Rensselaer County. Said to have fled from the west bank after the War of 1624-28 with the Mohawks. The Mohicans became a minority in the area after large groups of Indian refugees from New England came there in1676 and settled the Upper Castle (present-day Schaghticoke), 5 km. from the main settlement of the Mohicans. Though these two villages were known under the same name to Euro-Americans, they were locally called the Lower Castle (Mohicans) and Upper Castle (Algonquian-speaking refugees from New England). In 1698 refugees from Half Moon began settling among them but in 1703 part of residents moved to Half Moon and Nestagione. In 1754 the rest of the refugees (along with a scattering of Mohicans) moved to their kindred folk at St. Francis in Quebec. Other names: Schaghticoke, Skachkook, Scaticook, Lower Castle. (Brasser 1974, Swanton 1984, Hodge 1907, Dunn 1994, Ruttenber 1872). Schenectady ? Located where present-day Schenectady city is now. According to Hodge (1907) the Mohawks mentioned that they had established a village at the ruins of an older village. Possibly this old village site was originally occupied by Mohicans but abandoned or destroyed in the wars with the Mohawks. Schodack -1609-1677-1702- Located on the eastern bank of Hudson River on a hill close to or where the present town of Castleton is now located in Rensselaer County in New York. The capital village of the Mohicans. Schodack was fortified and built on a hill in the center of a plain. It was still inhabited in 1664. Around 1660 part of it's inhabitants moved to Catskill Valley. Around 1680 the inhabitants moved to Menanoke. Other names: Aepjin's Castle. (Brasser 1974, Frazier 1994, Dunn 1994, Hodge 1907, Swanton 1984). Shecomeco -1711?-1740-1748 Located 3 km. south of present Pine Plains close to present Shecomeco in Dutchess County. Between 1746-1748 the residents moved with Moravian missionaries to Pennsylvania. (Hodge 1907, Swanton 1984, Brasser 1974). Other names: Chinc'õminco, Shacomico. Squampaumuck -1737- Located where present Ghent town is in Colombia County (Brasser 1974). Taghkanick -1687- Located north of Roeliff Jansen Kill in the sout part of Colombia County. (Brasser 1974). Wilderhook -1730- Located close to Schoharie Cr., between Middelburg and Watsonville in Schoharie County. The residents Mohicans from the Catskill area and/or Espachomy-Munsees (Esopus-Munsees). Descendants of this village could be the present-day Slaughters that are mentioned in 1947 as living in Schoharie valley and are thought to have some Mohican blood in them (see Slaughters). (Brasser 1974). ? -1632- Located on the east bank of Hudson R., where present Fort Crailo is now, in Rensselaer in Rensselaer County. (Dunn 1994). ? -1632- Located south of Defreestville in Rensselaer County. (Dunn 1994). ? -1640-1650- Located on Von Rensselaer Island opposite Albany (Fort Orange) in Rensselaer County. the residents were a mixed group of Mohicans and Mohawks. (Dunn 1994). ? - 17th century- Located where present Rensselaer city is on the eastern bank of Hudson R. in Rensselaer County. (Dunn 1994). ? - 17th century- Located not far from Kaunaumeek but in Colombia County. (Dunn 1994). ? Located at Fish Kill, between Lake Saratanda and Hudson R. in Saratanda County (Snow 1995). Location implies Mohican residence. ? -1686- Located 14 km. west of Claverack and Kinderhook Cr., in Colombia County. (Dunn 1994). ? 1600? Located close to present Grouse Bluff in the neighborhood of Bard College in Dutchess County. (Internet Archaeology). Mohican villages in Housatonic Valley Dunn (1994: 232) says that some of the Mohicans who sold their lands in Colombia County had moved into the Housatonic Valley where she says (2000: 59) that other Mohicans had lived at least since the 17th century. Perhaps before 1600 they may have settled into territories traditionally claimed by other Algonquian-speaking groups in Massachusetts and Connecticut, but that is very difficult to prove and clearly open to speculation. To speculate even further one might suggest that Mohicans living in Housatonic Valley may before 1600 have lived on Hudson's River western bank before being driven out by Mohawks and their allies. Evidence relating to native concepts regarding territorial claims and rights suggests that a single group, tribal entity or a nation had a territorial, farming and usufruct rights over a watershed and a whole valley. However no rule is without exceptions and Mohican settlements in upper Housatonic valley may have been into lands traditionally accepted as being part of Mohican country instead of belonging to people further down the river who spoke a different Algonquian language. The Housatonic Valley may perhaps have stretched over too vast a territory for one group to claim as a single territory. Kenunckpacook - 18th century- Located at the east bank of Housatonic R., at the estuary where Green R, joins it, in Berkshire County in Massachusetts. Pontoosuc -1730-1738 Located where present Pittsfield town is, at Lake Pontoosuc, in Berkshire County in Massachusetts. In 1738 the residents moved to Stockbridge in Massachusetts. (Brasser 1974). P'ska'tikook -1720-1736 Located on the east bank of Housatonic R., at the estuary of Housatonic and Green, opposite the estuary of Schenob R. between present Great Barrington and Sheffield townships in Berkshire County in Massachusetts. In 1700 the residents of this village moved from Hudson valley to Housatonic R. because of encroachment by Dutch settlers. Perhaps they may have lived in a village by that same name (Schagticoke) in Dutchess or Rensselaer Counties in New York. In 1736 the residents moved to Stockbridge. Other names: Skatehook. (Brasser 1974, Dunn 1994, Frazier 1994). Weatauk -1721-1742 Located in Salisbury township in Litchfield County in Connecticut. Probably located before in Hudson valley. The residents were mostly Mohicans with some Indians from lower down the Housatenuc valley. Around 1730 Indians from Connecticut valley settled among them. Moravian missionaries had some converts there in 1743. Hodge (1910:1020) maintains that in 1740 there were 70 wigwams in the village but that would imply a population around 420 (wigwam * 6) people. Between 1739-1742 the residents moved to Stockbridge. Other names: Weataug, Weatand, Weteande, Wiatiack, Wiatiae, Wiatiag. (Brasser 1974). W'nahktu'kook -1675-1736 Located south of present Stockbridge at the west bank of Housatonic R. where ? runs into it, Berkshire County in Massachusetts. An important village. Around 1680 to 1736 Mohicans from upper Hudson valley settled there. In 1736 the residents moved to Stockbridge in Massachusetts (Brasser 1974). Several of the residents moved to Pennsylvania where they settled among the Lenni Lenape and other kindred tribes. Most of the Stockbridge people originally came from this village. (Hodge 1910). Other names: Waahktoohook, Wanachquaticock, Westenhoek, Westenhuck, Wnaghquetookoke. (Hodge 1907, Swanton 1984, Brasser 1974). ? -1730-1737 Located where present New Marlborough town is in Berkshire County in Massachusetts. In 1737 the residents moved to Stockbridge in Massachusetts. (Brasser 1974). Refugee villages in Mohican territory Scaticook 1676-1754 Located in present Schaghticoke town on Hoosac R., 5 km. from the estuary of Hoosac and Hudson. Separated by 5 km. from Lower Castle that was inhabited by Mohicans. Large groups of Pocumtucs, Sokokis and other Indians from New England sought refuge there after being defeated and driven out by the English in 1676. A steady flow of refugees went through the village between 1698-1754 on the way to St. Francis and Bécancour in Quebec. In 1698 refugees from Half Moon settled among them, but in 1703 part of the residents of S. moved to Half Moon and Nestagione. The rest of the inhabitants moved in 1754 to St. Francis in Quebec. Other names: Schaghticoke, Skachkook, Scaticook, Upper Castle. (Brasser 1974). Mohicans outside Mohican country Skehantowa -1730-1763 Located in present Wilkes-Barre, west of Susquehanna R., in the Wyoming area, on lands controlled by the Oneidas, in the northern part of Luzerne County in Pennsylvania. This was a large and populous village. Mohicans who left the upper part of Hudson Valley to join the Munsees and the Shawnees around 1730. In 1753 Mohicans from Wechquadnach (in 1746-48 these same people had moved from Shecomeco to Wechquadnach) moved in with them. In 1754 Indians from Gnadenhütten missionary village settled among them. In 1763 the residents joined the Moravian converts and other Delaware groups. Other names: Wyoming. (Hodge 1907, Brasser 1974). Buffalo Creek 1779-1790 Located close to Buffalo Cr., present Buffalo in New York. Inhabited by Mohicans from Chenango (Otsiningo), Chugnut and Oquaga, including Espochemy-Munsees, Munsees, etc. In 1783 part of the residents moved to Ohsweken in Ontario. Around 1790 the remainder of the residents moved to Cattaraugus Creek. Other names: Shaganahgahgeh (Iroquois: place of the Mohicans). (Brasser 1974). Cattaraugus Creek 1790-1853- Located circa where present Irving is in Erie County in New York state. Several Mohicans from Buffalo Creek among Iroquois and Munsee. Around 1800 a few Scaticook (Mohicans) arrived there from New Stockbridge. In 1853 several Mohicans moved to Stockbridge in Wisconsin. (Brasser 1974). Chenango -1755-1779 Located by Chenango R. close to Binghamton in Broome County in New York. This was on lands controlled by the Mohawks. In 1756 Mohicans, Wappinger-Munsees and Munsees settled there among Nanticokes and Shawnees. The Mohicans and Wappingers totaled together around 75 people, who previously had lived scattered in Hudson Valley between Fishkill R. and Albany. Besides these there were probably around 10-20 Mohicans from Gnadenhütten. In 1779 all the residents moved to Buffalo Creek. Other names: Otsiningo (Hodge 1907, Brasser 1974). Chugnut -1756-1779 Located on the south bank of Susquehanna R. opposite Binghamton in Broome County in New York. Around 1756 Mohicans from Hudson Valley settled here among Nanticokes, Conoys etc. In 1779 the residents moved to Buffalo Creek. Other names: Chaghnet. (Hodge 1907, Brasser 1974). Little Turtle's Village -1812 Miami village by Eel R. in Indiana, i.e. 32 km. northwest of Fort Wayne. Some Mohicans may have lived here since Little Turtle's mother was a Mohican. This village was continuasly occupied till 1812 when Michikinikwa (Little Turtle) died but this was his village (Hodge 1907). Landstown -1748-1750, 1751-1758 Located on the right bank of Ohio R., around 14 miles below present Pittsburg in Allegheny County in Pennsylvania. This was an important communications and trading center because of it's convenient location. Inhabited by ever-changing population of Shawnees, Munsees, Mohicans, Delawares, Iroquois, Abnakis, Ottawas, Nipissings etc. Between 1748 and 1750 there lived in 40 cabins Iroquois, Shawnees, Delawares, Munsees, Mohicans etc. After 1750 the population was made up of Mingos, Mohicans, Ottawas etc. Other names: Chiningué, Chinnigné, Lockstown, Loggs Town, Shenango. (Brasser 1974). Mohickon John’s Town -1760-1784-1810- Located in upper Mohican R., probably by Jerome Cr., in present Ashland County in Ohio. Inhabited by a group of Mohicans under command of a chief called Mohickon John. Probably the same village that Crandhan mentioned in 1760 under the name Mohicken Village. (Hodge 1907). Inhabited by Indians from Hudson Valley and from Stockbridge in Massachusetts. Later they all settled among the Munsees. Around 1765 and 1768 a few Mohicans are mentioned close to Fort Sandusky. (Brasser 1974). Other names: Ville de Jean. Ohsweken ca. 1783 - present Located by the south bank of Grand R. close to Hagersville on the Six Nations I. R. in Brant County in Ontario in Kanada. Inhabited by Munsees and Mohicans. (Hodge 1907). Brasser (1974) says it was inhabited by Mohicans from Buffalo Creek and Cattaraugus Creek. Oquaga -1778 Located on Susquehanna R.'s eastern branch, both sides of the river in present Colesville town in Broome County in New York. Inhabited by Tuscaroras, Mohicans and Espochemy-Munsees (Esopus-Munsee). In 1778 the village was destroyed by American forces. Other names: Andhkawagas, Andhquaga, Onoquagey. (Hodge 1907). Tioga -1755-1778 Located where present Athens is on the right bank of Susquehanna R., close to the estuary of Chemung R., in Bradford County in Pennsylvania. Mohicans and Wappings settled here among Nanticokes, Munsees, etc. (Hodge 1907, Brasser 1974). Tullihas -1755- Located in 1755 on the western branch of Muskingum R. in Ohio about 32 km. above the forks. Inhabited by Delawares, Mohicans and Mohawks from Caughnawaga (Huron?). (Hodge 1907, Brasser 1974). Mohicans living with Espachomy-Munsees, Sokokis and Pennacooks among the Miamis in Ohio Valley ? 1677-1681 Along St. Joseph R. that empties into Lake Michigan. ? 1681-1685 At present South Bend in Indiana. ? 1683-1685 The majority of the group returned via Green Bay in Wisconsin to Schaghticoke and Esopus in Hudson Valley. ? 1685-1688 At Fort St. Louis, present Starved Rock, in Illinois. ? 1688-1703 Along St. Joseph R. that empties into Lake Michigan. ? 1703-1706 Close to Detroit in Michigan. ? 1706-1721- At present Fort Wayne in Indiana (Kekioke since 1711). ? 1681-1705- At Kankakee R. in Illinois. ? -1750-1807- Mohicans said to be living among the Miamis. (Brasser 1974) Villages of the Stockbridges from the Housatonic valley to Wisconsin Stockbridge 1736-1788 Located where present Stockbridge town is by Housatonic R. in Berkshire County in Massachusetts. In this missionary village settled Mohicans from Pontoosuc, Wnahktukook, P´ska'tikook (Skatehook), Kenunckpacook and New Marlborough, including some Mohicans from Hudson Valley that later settled in the village. In 1744 some 60 Mohicans from Kaunaumeek settled here; 1737-1753, some Indians from central Housatonic R.; 1756, approximately 200 Wappinger-Munsees from Dutchess County in New York; 1761, Quiripi-speakers (Tunxis and others from Connecticut Valley); 1767, Mohegans, Pequots and Potatcucks/Paugussets from Scaticook in Connecticut. Around 1746 a small part of the inhabitants moved to Gnadenhütten in Pennsylvania. Between 1783 and 1788 the residents moved to New Stockbridge in New York. Other names: Westenhuck. (Hodge 1907, Swanton 1984, Brasser 1974, Dunn 1994). New Stockbridge 1783-1829 Located at the upper part of Oneida Creek, where present Stockbridge town is located, in Madison County and in present Vernon in Oneida County in New York. In 1803 Raritan-Delawares from Brotherton in New Jersey settled among them. In 1818 part of the residents moved to Ohio and then to Grand Kaukalin in Wisconsin. Between 1825 and 1829 the residents moved to Grand Kaukaulin. Other names: Ahgote'saganäge, Anatsagane: Iroquois nöfn. (Hodge 1907, Brasser 1974). Grand Kaukaulin 1822-1834 Located at the east bank of Fox R., opposite present Kaukana in Wisconsin. In 1824 part of the Munsees moved to Kansas. In 1834 the residents moved to Stockbridge in Wisconsin. Other names: Moheakunnuk, Cades, Statesburgh. (Hodge 1907, Brasser 1974). Stockbridge 1834-1857 Located where present Stockbridge town is at the east bank of Lake Winnebago in Calumet County in Wisconsin. In 1837 a substantial group of Munsees from New Fairfield in Ontario settled among them, since then the combined group has been known as Stockbridge-Munsees. In 1839 part of the inhabitants moved to the Munsees in Kansas, another part to the Iroquois on Cattaraugus I. R. in New York. In 1853 several Mohicans from Cattaraugus Creek settled among them. During 1856-1857 the residents moved still again to Stockbridge I. R. where they have lived ever since. Around 1920 some Stockbridges were still living in the old place at Lake Winnebago. (Hodge 1907, Brasser 1974). Stockbridge Indian Reservation (Moheconnuck) 1856- present Located in Barthelme township, close to Bowler and Red Springs townships, close to Gresham in Shawano County in Wisconsin. In 1856 a few Brothertons and Iroquois settled among them. Increased intermarriage with people of Euro-American ancestry. (Brasser 1974). Villages of Moravian converts after the relocation from the Hudson and Housatonic valley area Friedenshütten (I) -1746-1765 Located close to Betlehem in Northampton County in Pennsylvania. Inhabited by Mohicans from Shecomeco and Delawares. Later the same year, 1746, that the Mohicans moved into this village, most of the residents were moved to Gnadenhütten I. In 1765 the residents, including Gnadenhütten, moved to Friedenshütten (II). (Brasser 1974). Gnadenhütten (I) 1746- 1754 Located at the northern bank of Mahoning R., at the estuary of Mahoning and Lehigh, close to present Lehighton town, in Carbon County in Pennsylvania. Inhabited by Mohicans, Potatucks/Paugussets, Mohegans/Pequots and others from Scaticook, Shecomeco, Peantam, Wyaghtonok and Wechquadnach, including Wappinger-Munsees, Delawares and other Moravian converts. Around 1746 the Moravian converts totaled around 500 people. In 1747 part of the residents - probably the Potatuck/Paugusset element or the Mohegan/Pequot element who originally came from Scaticook - back to Scaticook in Connecticut. In 1754 the village was moved to Gnadenhütten II. (Brasser 1974). Only Moravian settlements inhabited by Mohican converts are listed here below. Gnadenhütten (II) 1754-1765 Located in present Weissport in Carbon County in Pennsylvania. In 1754 part of the residents moved back to Nescopeck and Skehantowa (Wyoming). In 1765 Moravian converts joined them from Friedenshütten I, but later that same year moved with the rest to Friedenshütten II. Other names: Neu Gnadenhütten. (Brasser 1974). Nescopeck -1755-1779 Located where present Nescopeck town is at the mouth of Nescopeck R. in Luzerne County in Pennsylvania. A mixed group of Iroquois, Shawnee and Delaware. Mohicans from Gnadenhütten joined the Delawares in 1754 in this village but in 1766 left them again to move to Friedenshütten II. Other names: Neskopeko. (Hodge 1975, Brasser 1974). Friedenshütten (II) 1765-1772 Located close to Wyalusing (in the neighborhood of an older site of a Delaware village) in Bradford County in Pennsylvania. In 1766 Mohicans from Nescopek joined them. In 1772 the residents moved to Gnadenhütten III in Ohio. (Brasser 1974, Frazier 1994). Friedensstadt 1770-1773 Located at Beaver R. in Beaver County in Pennsylvania. (Brasser 1974). Gnadenhütten (III) 1771-1782 Located in present Gnadenhütten at Tuscarawas R. in Tuscarawas County in Ohio. In 1782 part of the residents (90 of 140) were mercilessly tortured and slaughtered - men, women and children - by militia men from Virginia. Survivors moved - in chronological order - to Captives Town at Sandusky R., Neu Gnadenhütten at Lake St. Clair, Pilgerruh at Cuyahoga R., New Salem at Huron R., Warte at Detroit R. to Fairfield in Ontario in Canada. (Brasser 1974). New Salem 1787-1790 Located at the mouth of Huron R. at Lake Erie in northern Ohio. In 1790 part of the residents moved to Fairfield in Ontario, while the rest moved that same year back to Muskingum R. where they established a new village called Goshen, in the neighborhood of their old villages there. Goshen 1790-1818 Located at Tuscarawas R. where it separates from Muskingum R. in Ohio. When the missionary died there in 1818 the residents either moved to the Munsees in Franklin County in western Kansas (present Munsee Christians) or to Fairfield in Ontario. Fairfield 1792-1813 Located close to present Moraviantown in Kent County in Ontario in Canada. In 1813 the residents are scattered due to war in the area but return later to New Fairfield. Other names: Moraviantown, Schoenfeld. (Brasser 1974). New Fairfield 1815- present Located in Moraviantown by Thames R. in Kent County in Ontario in Canada. In 1837 part of the residents moved to Stockbridge in Wisconsin and to the Munsees in Kansas. Most of the residents are Munsees, with a mingling of Mohican, and Unami-Delawares. Other names: Moraviantown. (Brasser 1974).

: Sources:

: Brasser, Ted J. 1974. Riding on the Frontier's Crest: Mahican Indian Culture and Culture Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Cronon, William 1983. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. New York: Hill and Wang. Dunn, Shirley W. 1994. The Mohicans and Their Land, 1609-1730. New York: Purple Mountain Press. Dunn, Shirley W. 2000. The Mohican World, 1680-1750. Fleischmanns, NY: Purple Mountain Press. Frazier, Patrick 1992. The Mohicans of Stockbridge, 1735-1785. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Hodge, F. W. (editor) 1907-1910. Handbook of the American Indians North of Mexiko. Washington: Rowman & Littlefield. Ruttenber, E. M. 1872. History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River. Saugerties: Hope Farm Press (1992). Snow, Dean R. 1994. The Iroquois. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Swanton, John R. 1984. The Indian Tribes of North America. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. First Nations Histories - Lee Sultzman

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Comments:
: ~~~~~~~~~
: Whoa! What a history lesson so early on a Saturday morning. Very interesting and thanks Gayle and Rich for posting it. I will someday have to go back and do a reread of it. I am not at all personally familiar with any of these locations. Maybe someday we will find a way to get to that part of the country. Thanks again. Oh! Loved the photo! This time of year always brings interest in our American Indians to me. I guess it goes back to grammar school when we studied the Indians and Pilgrims and Thanksgiving. I love autumn and I guess that's part of the reason why.

: Theresa
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: : This article was passed along by She Who Tracks La Longue Carabine (aka: Gayle) the other day. Perusing it brought back many memories, as the place names - or many of them, anyway - were neighboring towns & rivers for us for quite some time. The first village mentioned, that of Schaghticoke - if we're speaking of the same place - did, in fact, exist. Today, near the confluence of the Ten Mile & Housatonic Rivers, is a Reservation ... the remnants of that village! That is a part of the story of our "From the Mohicans' Land to Mohicanland" essay ... Anyway, this may be of some interest to some of you. It may not have formatted all that well in the copying process. Sorry 'bout that! Thank you, Gayle!

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: : Villages:

: : The number of large, small and fortified villages that the Muhheakunnuk occupied around 1600 may have been as high as 40, perhaps the majority of them were more like hamlets rather than villages. Swanton and Hodge speak of a village in Dutchess County under the name of Schaghticoke (Scaticook), but because no other mention or description exists about this village, I have excluded it from the list below. Swanton talks about Nepaug village by Nepaug R. close to New Hartford in Litchfield County in Connecticut as one of the Mohican villages (1985:41) but other sources do not mention this village. Scholars do not agree on whether the village of Pomperaug belonged to the Mohicans or the Potatucks-Paugussets but I believe it must have belonged to the Potatuck-Paugussets. Swanton (1985:41) and Hodge (1910:788) talk about Winooskeek as a Mohican village, but in fact it was inhabited by refugee Indians from New England that previously had lived for a short while at Schaghticoke (Upper Castle), with other refugees from New England. The Mohicans winter villages between 1650 till 1750 were in the Green Mts. in Vermont close to where now are the Pownal, Arlington and Manchester townships. In the longhouses lived about 30 kin-related people, but in the wigwams lived nuclear families of about 6 persons. Ampamit -1678-1730-1742 Located on the southwestern corner of Moesimus Island opposite Beeren Island. (Dunn 1994). Caniskek ? -1662- In 1662 there is a mention of a settlement west of Coxsackie on the west bank of Hudson R.. (Dunn 1994). Copake -1687 Located at Roeliff Jansen Kill, probably at a lake by the same name further in the valley, in Colombia County. (Brasser 1974). Dickop -1630- Located in present-day Defreestville in Rensselaer County. (Dunn 1994). Freehold -1743-1777- Located close to present Freehold town at Catskill Cr. in Greene County. The residents were probably a mixed group of Mohicans from the Catskill area and Espachomy-Munsees (Esopus-Munsees). (Brasser 1974, Dunn 1994). Half Moon-1677-1724- Located where present Half Moon town is in Saratanda County. Could be a later location of Monemius. Around 1690 the residents were refugees from New England. In 1698 the majority of the residents moved to Winooskeek village at Lake Champlain and also to Schaghticoke. Between the years -1703 to 1724- the residents were from Schaghticoke (perhaps refugees from Upper Castle, insertion by Baldur). Most of the residents were refugees from outside Mohican country. Around 1720 the residents moved to Oquaga. (Brasser 1974). Hoosac Said to be located 25 English miles northeast of Albany at Hoosic R.. Later Sokoki refugees moved there as well as other refugees from the broken nations of New England. (Sultzman 1996). Kackoau -1660-1680 Located between the present town of Cohoes and the city of Albany in Albany County. Could be a later location of Panhoosic (Unuwat's Castle). Other names: Cohoes. (Brasser 1974). Katsban - 17th century- Located a short distance north of Saugerties Cr. in Greene County. (Ruttenber 1872). Kaunaumeek -1737-1744 Located close to the present-day town of New Lebanon by Kinderhook Cr. in Colombia County, 29 km. northwest of Housatonic River. In 1744 it's residents moved to Stockbridge in Massachusetts. (Brasser 1974). Kinderhook -1687-1691- Located where present day town of Kinderhook now stands in Colombia County. (Brasser 1974). Kiskatom - 17th century- Located where present Kiskatom is, close to Palenville, at Kaaterskill Creek in Greene County. (Dunn 1994). Koxhachingh -1609-1701 Located on the north bank of Catskill Creek opposite the estuary of Kaaterskill Creek in Greene County. Perhaps the chief village in Catskill Valley. Mohicans from the east bank of Hudson R., below Schodack, moved there in 1660. The residents could have moved to Freehold around 1710.Other names: Catskill. (Brasser 1974). Machacknotas -1663-1656- Located at the northern tip of Schodack Landing near Muitzeskill in Rensselaer County. (Dunn 1994). Menanoke (I) -1689-1739- Located south of Coyemans on Barren Island in Hudson R., in Albany County. The residents coming from Schodack. Around 1740 the residents moved to Indian Fields. (Brasser 1974). Menanoke (II) -1750-1860- Located south of Coyemans at present Indian Fields at Hannacroix Cr., in Albany County. the residents were from old Menanoke. Around 1790 there is a possibility that part of the residents joined the group that lived at Cattaraugus Creek and New Stockbridge in New York. Around 1850 part of the residents moved to Stockbridge in Wisconsin. Other names: Indian Fields. (Brasser 1974). Monemin (I) -1627-1632- Located on Peebles Island at the estuary of Hudson R. and Mohawk R.. The residents later moved to Half Moon but it is more likely that most of them moved to Monemin (II). Other names: Monnemin's Castlem, Monemius. (Brasser 1974). Monemin (II) -1651- Located in the North Greenbush area in Rensselaer County. The residents were probably from Monemin (I). (Dunn 1994). Nestagione 1703-1720- Located where present Niskayuna is in Schenectady County. The residents came from P'ska'tikook. Around 1722 the residents moved to Oquaga. Other names: Conestagione. (Brasser 1974). Ontikehomawck -1682 Located in Nassau township in Rensselaer County. The residents probably had some connections to Schodack. (Brasser 1974). Paanpaack - in the 17th century - Located where present Troy city is in Rensselaer County. (Dunn 1994). Panhoosic -1614-1623- Located opposite Fort Nassau on Castle Island, on the east coast of Hudson R. in Rensselaer County. Other names: Unuwat´s Castle. (Brasser 1974). -1625-1626- Located opposite Fort Orange (Albany) in Rensselaer County. -1623-51? Located at the estuary of Poesten Kill and Hudson R., on the northern bank of Poesten Kill, in present Troy in Rensselaer County. ca. 1650 the residents may have moved to Kackoau (Cohoes) village Papsickene -1632- Located opposite Papscanee Island in Rensselaer County. (Dunn 1994). Passapenock -1687-1690 Located on Beeren Island, on the west bank opposite Coyemans town in Albany County. In 1690 the residents moved to Catskill Valley (Dunn 1994). Other names: Nabdskook. Pompetowwuthut Muhheacanneuw pre 1600? According to old legends this may have been the original capital village of the Mohicans. Located on the left bank of Hudson River where the city of Albany now stands. Probably on the spot or close to where Fort Orange was first erected. Better known is Schodack and later on Stockbridge. (Dunn 1994). Potic West of Athens in Greene County. The name means "the land around the fall". Refugee Pennacooks settled there for a short while around 1676. (Hodge 1907). Potkoke -1687- Located where present Claverack town is in Hudson township, Colombia County. Dunn (1994) mentions remains of old Indian gravesites in this area, that implies there was a village close by. P´ska'tikook 1628-1754 Located on the east bank of Hudson R. close to the estuary with Hoosac R. in Rensselaer County. Said to have fled from the west bank after the War of 1624-28 with the Mohawks. The Mohicans became a minority in the area after large groups of Indian refugees from New England came there in1676 and settled the Upper Castle (present-day Schaghticoke), 5 km. from the main settlement of the Mohicans. Though these two villages were known under the same name to Euro-Americans, they were locally called the Lower Castle (Mohicans) and Upper Castle (Algonquian-speaking refugees from New England). In 1698 refugees from Half Moon began settling among them but in 1703 part of residents moved to Half Moon and Nestagione. In 1754 the rest of the refugees (along with a scattering of Mohicans) moved to their kindred folk at St. Francis in Quebec. Other names: Schaghticoke, Skachkook, Scaticook, Lower Castle. (Brasser 1974, Swanton 1984, Hodge 1907, Dunn 1994, Ruttenber 1872). Schenectady ? Located where present-day Schenectady city is now. According to Hodge (1907) the Mohawks mentioned that they had established a village at the ruins of an older village. Possibly this old village site was originally occupied by Mohicans but abandoned or destroyed in the wars with the Mohawks. Schodack -1609-1677-1702- Located on the eastern bank of Hudson River on a hill close to or where the present town of Castleton is now located in Rensselaer County in New York. The capital village of the Mohicans. Schodack was fortified and built on a hill in the center of a plain. It was still inhabited in 1664. Around 1660 part of it's inhabitants moved to Catskill Valley. Around 1680 the inhabitants moved to Menanoke. Other names: Aepjin's Castle. (Brasser 1974, Frazier 1994, Dunn 1994, Hodge 1907, Swanton 1984). Shecomeco -1711?-1740-1748 Located 3 km. south of present Pine Plains close to present Shecomeco in Dutchess County. Between 1746-1748 the residents moved with Moravian missionaries to Pennsylvania. (Hodge 1907, Swanton 1984, Brasser 1974). Other names: Chinc'õminco, Shacomico. Squampaumuck -1737- Located where present Ghent town is in Colombia County (Brasser 1974). Taghkanick -1687- Located north of Roeliff Jansen Kill in the sout part of Colombia County. (Brasser 1974). Wilderhook -1730- Located close to Schoharie Cr., between Middelburg and Watsonville in Schoharie County. The residents Mohicans from the Catskill area and/or Espachomy-Munsees (Esopus-Munsees). Descendants of this village could be the present-day Slaughters that are mentioned in 1947 as living in Schoharie valley and are thought to have some Mohican blood in them (see Slaughters). (Brasser 1974). ? -1632- Located on the east bank of Hudson R., where present Fort Crailo is now, in Rensselaer in Rensselaer County. (Dunn 1994). ? -1632- Located south of Defreestville in Rensselaer County. (Dunn 1994). ? -1640-1650- Located on Von Rensselaer Island opposite Albany (Fort Orange) in Rensselaer County. the residents were a mixed group of Mohicans and Mohawks. (Dunn 1994). ? - 17th century- Located where present Rensselaer city is on the eastern bank of Hudson R. in Rensselaer County. (Dunn 1994). ? - 17th century- Located not far from Kaunaumeek but in Colombia County. (Dunn 1994). ? Located at Fish Kill, between Lake Saratanda and Hudson R. in Saratanda County (Snow 1995). Location implies Mohican residence. ? -1686- Located 14 km. west of Claverack and Kinderhook Cr., in Colombia County. (Dunn 1994). ? 1600? Located close to present Grouse Bluff in the neighborhood of Bard College in Dutchess County. (Internet Archaeology). Mohican villages in Housatonic Valley Dunn (1994: 232) says that some of the Mohicans who sold their lands in Colombia County had moved into the Housatonic Valley where she says (2000: 59) that other Mohicans had lived at least since the 17th century. Perhaps before 1600 they may have settled into territories traditionally claimed by other Algonquian-speaking groups in Massachusetts and Connecticut, but that is very difficult to prove and clearly open to speculation. To speculate even further one might suggest that Mohicans living in Housatonic Valley may before 1600 have lived on Hudson's River western bank before being driven out by Mohawks and their allies. Evidence relating to native concepts regarding territorial claims and rights suggests that a single group, tribal entity or a nation had a territorial, farming and usufruct rights over a watershed and a whole valley. However no rule is without exceptions and Mohican settlements in upper Housatonic valley may have been into lands traditionally accepted as being part of Mohican country instead of belonging to people further down the river who spoke a different Algonquian language. The Housatonic Valley may perhaps have stretched over too vast a territory for one group to claim as a single territory. Kenunckpacook - 18th century- Located at the east bank of Housatonic R., at the estuary where Green R, joins it, in Berkshire County in Massachusetts. Pontoosuc -1730-1738 Located where present Pittsfield town is, at Lake Pontoosuc, in Berkshire County in Massachusetts. In 1738 the residents moved to Stockbridge in Massachusetts. (Brasser 1974). P'ska'tikook -1720-1736 Located on the east bank of Housatonic R., at the estuary of Housatonic and Green, opposite the estuary of Schenob R. between present Great Barrington and Sheffield townships in Berkshire County in Massachusetts. In 1700 the residents of this village moved from Hudson valley to Housatonic R. because of encroachment by Dutch settlers. Perhaps they may have lived in a village by that same name (Schagticoke) in Dutchess or Rensselaer Counties in New York. In 1736 the residents moved to Stockbridge. Other names: Skatehook. (Brasser 1974, Dunn 1994, Frazier 1994). Weatauk -1721-1742 Located in Salisbury township in Litchfield County in Connecticut. Probably located before in Hudson valley. The residents were mostly Mohicans with some Indians from lower down the Housatenuc valley. Around 1730 Indians from Connecticut valley settled among them. Moravian missionaries had some converts there in 1743. Hodge (1910:1020) maintains that in 1740 there were 70 wigwams in the village but that would imply a population around 420 (wigwam * 6) people. Between 1739-1742 the residents moved to Stockbridge. Other names: Weataug, Weatand, Weteande, Wiatiack, Wiatiae, Wiatiag. (Brasser 1974). W'nahktu'kook -1675-1736 Located south of present Stockbridge at the west bank of Housatonic R. where ? runs into it, Berkshire County in Massachusetts. An important village. Around 1680 to 1736 Mohicans from upper Hudson valley settled there. In 1736 the residents moved to Stockbridge in Massachusetts (Brasser 1974). Several of the residents moved to Pennsylvania where they settled among the Lenni Lenape and other kindred tribes. Most of the Stockbridge people originally came from this village. (Hodge 1910). Other names: Waahktoohook, Wanachquaticock, Westenhoek, Westenhuck, Wnaghquetookoke. (Hodge 1907, Swanton 1984, Brasser 1974). ? -1730-1737 Located where present New Marlborough town is in Berkshire County in Massachusetts. In 1737 the residents moved to Stockbridge in Massachusetts. (Brasser 1974). Refugee villages in Mohican territory Scaticook 1676-1754 Located in present Schaghticoke town on Hoosac R., 5 km. from the estuary of Hoosac and Hudson. Separated by 5 km. from Lower Castle that was inhabited by Mohicans. Large groups of Pocumtucs, Sokokis and other Indians from New England sought refuge there after being defeated and driven out by the English in 1676. A steady flow of refugees went through the village between 1698-1754 on the way to St. Francis and Bécancour in Quebec. In 1698 refugees from Half Moon settled among them, but in 1703 part of the residents of S. moved to Half Moon and Nestagione. The rest of the inhabitants moved in 1754 to St. Francis in Quebec. Other names: Schaghticoke, Skachkook, Scaticook, Upper Castle. (Brasser 1974). Mohicans outside Mohican country Skehantowa -1730-1763 Located in present Wilkes-Barre, west of Susquehanna R., in the Wyoming area, on lands controlled by the Oneidas, in the northern part of Luzerne County in Pennsylvania. This was a large and populous village. Mohicans who left the upper part of Hudson Valley to join the Munsees and the Shawnees around 1730. In 1753 Mohicans from Wechquadnach (in 1746-48 these same people had moved from Shecomeco to Wechquadnach) moved in with them. In 1754 Indians from Gnadenhütten missionary village settled among them. In 1763 the residents joined the Moravian converts and other Delaware groups. Other names: Wyoming. (Hodge 1907, Brasser 1974). Buffalo Creek 1779-1790 Located close to Buffalo Cr., present Buffalo in New York. Inhabited by Mohicans from Chenango (Otsiningo), Chugnut and Oquaga, including Espochemy-Munsees, Munsees, etc. In 1783 part of the residents moved to Ohsweken in Ontario. Around 1790 the remainder of the residents moved to Cattaraugus Creek. Other names: Shaganahgahgeh (Iroquois: place of the Mohicans). (Brasser 1974). Cattaraugus Creek 1790-1853- Located circa where present Irving is in Erie County in New York state. Several Mohicans from Buffalo Creek among Iroquois and Munsee. Around 1800 a few Scaticook (Mohicans) arrived there from New Stockbridge. In 1853 several Mohicans moved to Stockbridge in Wisconsin. (Brasser 1974). Chenango -1755-1779 Located by Chenango R. close to Binghamton in Broome County in New York. This was on lands controlled by the Mohawks. In 1756 Mohicans, Wappinger-Munsees and Munsees settled there among Nanticokes and Shawnees. The Mohicans and Wappingers totaled together around 75 people, who previously had lived scattered in Hudson Valley between Fishkill R. and Albany. Besides these there were probably around 10-20 Mohicans from Gnadenhütten. In 1779 all the residents moved to Buffalo Creek. Other names: Otsiningo (Hodge 1907, Brasser 1974). Chugnut -1756-1779 Located on the south bank of Susquehanna R. opposite Binghamton in Broome County in New York. Around 1756 Mohicans from Hudson Valley settled here among Nanticokes, Conoys etc. In 1779 the residents moved to Buffalo Creek. Other names: Chaghnet. (Hodge 1907, Brasser 1974). Little Turtle's Village -1812 Miami village by Eel R. in Indiana, i.e. 32 km. northwest of Fort Wayne. Some Mohicans may have lived here since Little Turtle's mother was a Mohican. This village was continuasly occupied till 1812 when Michikinikwa (Little Turtle) died but this was his village (Hodge 1907). Landstown -1748-1750, 1751-1758 Located on the right bank of Ohio R., around 14 miles below present Pittsburg in Allegheny County in Pennsylvania. This was an important communications and trading center because of it's convenient location. Inhabited by ever-changing population of Shawnees, Munsees, Mohicans, Delawares, Iroquois, Abnakis, Ottawas, Nipissings etc. Between 1748 and 1750 there lived in 40 cabins Iroquois, Shawnees, Delawares, Munsees, Mohicans etc. After 1750 the population was made up of Mingos, Mohicans, Ottawas etc. Other names: Chiningué, Chinnigné, Lockstown, Loggs Town, Shenango. (Brasser 1974). Mohickon John’s Town -1760-1784-1810- Located in upper Mohican R., probably by Jerome Cr., in present Ashland County in Ohio. Inhabited by a group of Mohicans under command of a chief called Mohickon John. Probably the same village that Crandhan mentioned in 1760 under the name Mohicken Village. (Hodge 1907). Inhabited by Indians from Hudson Valley and from Stockbridge in Massachusetts. Later they all settled among the Munsees. Around 1765 and 1768 a few Mohicans are mentioned close to Fort Sandusky. (Brasser 1974). Other names: Ville de Jean. Ohsweken ca. 1783 - present Located by the south bank of Grand R. close to Hagersville on the Six Nations I. R. in Brant County in Ontario in Kanada. Inhabited by Munsees and Mohicans. (Hodge 1907). Brasser (1974) says it was inhabited by Mohicans from Buffalo Creek and Cattaraugus Creek. Oquaga -1778 Located on Susquehanna R.'s eastern branch, both sides of the river in present Colesville town in Broome County in New York. Inhabited by Tuscaroras, Mohicans and Espochemy-Munsees (Esopus-Munsee). In 1778 the village was destroyed by American forces. Other names: Andhkawagas, Andhquaga, Onoquagey. (Hodge 1907). Tioga -1755-1778 Located where present Athens is on the right bank of Susquehanna R., close to the estuary of Chemung R., in Bradford County in Pennsylvania. Mohicans and Wappings settled here among Nanticokes, Munsees, etc. (Hodge 1907, Brasser 1974). Tullihas -1755- Located in 1755 on the western branch of Muskingum R. in Ohio about 32 km. above the forks. Inhabited by Delawares, Mohicans and Mohawks from Caughnawaga (Huron?). (Hodge 1907, Brasser 1974). Mohicans living with Espachomy-Munsees, Sokokis and Pennacooks among the Miamis in Ohio Valley ? 1677-1681 Along St. Joseph R. that empties into Lake Michigan. ? 1681-1685 At present South Bend in Indiana. ? 1683-1685 The majority of the group returned via Green Bay in Wisconsin to Schaghticoke and Esopus in Hudson Valley. ? 1685-1688 At Fort St. Louis, present Starved Rock, in Illinois. ? 1688-1703 Along St. Joseph R. that empties into Lake Michigan. ? 1703-1706 Close to Detroit in Michigan. ? 1706-1721- At present Fort Wayne in Indiana (Kekioke since 1711). ? 1681-1705- At Kankakee R. in Illinois. ? -1750-1807- Mohicans said to be living among the Miamis. (Brasser 1974) Villages of the Stockbridges from the Housatonic valley to Wisconsin Stockbridge 1736-1788 Located where present Stockbridge town is by Housatonic R. in Berkshire County in Massachusetts. In this missionary village settled Mohicans from Pontoosuc, Wnahktukook, P´ska'tikook (Skatehook), Kenunckpacook and New Marlborough, including some Mohicans from Hudson Valley that later settled in the village. In 1744 some 60 Mohicans from Kaunaumeek settled here; 1737-1753, some Indians from central Housatonic R.; 1756, approximately 200 Wappinger-Munsees from Dutchess County in New York; 1761, Quiripi-speakers (Tunxis and others from Connecticut Valley); 1767, Mohegans, Pequots and Potatcucks/Paugussets from Scaticook in Connecticut. Around 1746 a small part of the inhabitants moved to Gnadenhütten in Pennsylvania. Between 1783 and 1788 the residents moved to New Stockbridge in New York. Other names: Westenhuck. (Hodge 1907, Swanton 1984, Brasser 1974, Dunn 1994). New Stockbridge 1783-1829 Located at the upper part of Oneida Creek, where present Stockbridge town is located, in Madison County and in present Vernon in Oneida County in New York. In 1803 Raritan-Delawares from Brotherton in New Jersey settled among them. In 1818 part of the residents moved to Ohio and then to Grand Kaukalin in Wisconsin. Between 1825 and 1829 the residents moved to Grand Kaukaulin. Other names: Ahgote'saganäge, Anatsagane: Iroquois nöfn. (Hodge 1907, Brasser 1974). Grand Kaukaulin 1822-1834 Located at the east bank of Fox R., opposite present Kaukana in Wisconsin. In 1824 part of the Munsees moved to Kansas. In 1834 the residents moved to Stockbridge in Wisconsin. Other names: Moheakunnuk, Cades, Statesburgh. (Hodge 1907, Brasser 1974). Stockbridge 1834-1857 Located where present Stockbridge town is at the east bank of Lake Winnebago in Calumet County in Wisconsin. In 1837 a substantial group of Munsees from New Fairfield in Ontario settled among them, since then the combined group has been known as Stockbridge-Munsees. In 1839 part of the inhabitants moved to the Munsees in Kansas, another part to the Iroquois on Cattaraugus I. R. in New York. In 1853 several Mohicans from Cattaraugus Creek settled among them. During 1856-1857 the residents moved still again to Stockbridge I. R. where they have lived ever since. Around 1920 some Stockbridges were still living in the old place at Lake Winnebago. (Hodge 1907, Brasser 1974). Stockbridge Indian Reservation (Moheconnuck) 1856- present Located in Barthelme township, close to Bowler and Red Springs townships, close to Gresham in Shawano County in Wisconsin. In 1856 a few Brothertons and Iroquois settled among them. Increased intermarriage with people of Euro-American ancestry. (Brasser 1974). Villages of Moravian converts after the relocation from the Hudson and Housatonic valley area Friedenshütten (I) -1746-1765 Located close to Betlehem in Northampton County in Pennsylvania. Inhabited by Mohicans from Shecomeco and Delawares. Later the same year, 1746, that the Mohicans moved into this village, most of the residents were moved to Gnadenhütten I. In 1765 the residents, including Gnadenhütten, moved to Friedenshütten (II). (Brasser 1974). Gnadenhütten (I) 1746- 1754 Located at the northern bank of Mahoning R., at the estuary of Mahoning and Lehigh, close to present Lehighton town, in Carbon County in Pennsylvania. Inhabited by Mohicans, Potatucks/Paugussets, Mohegans/Pequots and others from Scaticook, Shecomeco, Peantam, Wyaghtonok and Wechquadnach, including Wappinger-Munsees, Delawares and other Moravian converts. Around 1746 the Moravian converts totaled around 500 people. In 1747 part of the residents - probably the Potatuck/Paugusset element or the Mohegan/Pequot element who originally came from Scaticook - back to Scaticook in Connecticut. In 1754 the village was moved to Gnadenhütten II. (Brasser 1974). Only Moravian settlements inhabited by Mohican converts are listed here below. Gnadenhütten (II) 1754-1765 Located in present Weissport in Carbon County in Pennsylvania. In 1754 part of the residents moved back to Nescopeck and Skehantowa (Wyoming). In 1765 Moravian converts joined them from Friedenshütten I, but later that same year moved with the rest to Friedenshütten II. Other names: Neu Gnadenhütten. (Brasser 1974). Nescopeck -1755-1779 Located where present Nescopeck town is at the mouth of Nescopeck R. in Luzerne County in Pennsylvania. A mixed group of Iroquois, Shawnee and Delaware. Mohicans from Gnadenhütten joined the Delawares in 1754 in this village but in 1766 left them again to move to Friedenshütten II. Other names: Neskopeko. (Hodge 1975, Brasser 1974). Friedenshütten (II) 1765-1772 Located close to Wyalusing (in the neighborhood of an older site of a Delaware village) in Bradford County in Pennsylvania. In 1766 Mohicans from Nescopek joined them. In 1772 the residents moved to Gnadenhütten III in Ohio. (Brasser 1974, Frazier 1994). Friedensstadt 1770-1773 Located at Beaver R. in Beaver County in Pennsylvania. (Brasser 1974). Gnadenhütten (III) 1771-1782 Located in present Gnadenhütten at Tuscarawas R. in Tuscarawas County in Ohio. In 1782 part of the residents (90 of 140) were mercilessly tortured and slaughtered - men, women and children - by militia men from Virginia. Survivors moved - in chronological order - to Captives Town at Sandusky R., Neu Gnadenhütten at Lake St. Clair, Pilgerruh at Cuyahoga R., New Salem at Huron R., Warte at Detroit R. to Fairfield in Ontario in Canada. (Brasser 1974). New Salem 1787-1790 Located at the mouth of Huron R. at Lake Erie in northern Ohio. In 1790 part of the residents moved to Fairfield in Ontario, while the rest moved that same year back to Muskingum R. where they established a new village called Goshen, in the neighborhood of their old villages there. Goshen 1790-1818 Located at Tuscarawas R. where it separates from Muskingum R. in Ohio. When the missionary died there in 1818 the residents either moved to the Munsees in Franklin County in western Kansas (present Munsee Christians) or to Fairfield in Ontario. Fairfield 1792-1813 Located close to present Moraviantown in Kent County in Ontario in Canada. In 1813 the residents are scattered due to war in the area but return later to New Fairfield. Other names: Moraviantown, Schoenfeld. (Brasser 1974). New Fairfield 1815- present Located in Moraviantown by Thames R. in Kent County in Ontario in Canada. In 1837 part of the residents moved to Stockbridge in Wisconsin and to the Munsees in Kansas. Most of the residents are Munsees, with a mingling of Mohican, and Unami-Delawares. Other names: Moraviantown. (Brasser 1974).

: : Sources:

: : Brasser, Ted J. 1974. Riding on the Frontier's Crest: Mahican Indian Culture and Culture Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Cronon, William 1983. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. New York: Hill and Wang. Dunn, Shirley W. 1994. The Mohicans and Their Land, 1609-1730. New York: Purple Mountain Press. Dunn, Shirley W. 2000. The Mohican World, 1680-1750. Fleischmanns, NY: Purple Mountain Press. Frazier, Patrick 1992. The Mohicans of Stockbridge, 1735-1785. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Hodge, F. W. (editor) 1907-1910. Handbook of the American Indians North of Mexiko. Washington: Rowman & Littlefield. Ruttenber, E. M. 1872. History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River. Saugerties: Hope Farm Press (1992). Snow, Dean R. 1994. The Iroquois. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Swanton, John R. 1984. The Indian Tribes of North America. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. First Nations Histories - Lee Sultzman

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